non-invasive detection of bladder tumors through volatile organic compounds: a pilot study with an electronic nose
電子鼻分析揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物用于膀胱癌無(wú)創(chuàng)檢測(cè)的初步研究
hendrik heers1, josef maximilian gut1, axel hegele1, rainer hofmann1,
tobias boeselt2, akira hattesohl2 and andreas rembert koczulla2
1department of urology and paediatric urology,philipps-universität marburg, marburg, germany;
2department of pulmonology, philipps-universität marburg, marburg, germany
abstract.
background/aim: cystoscopy, the standard diagnostic for bladder tumors, is uncomfortable, invasive, and expensive. the available urine-based marker systems all
lack accuracy. measuring volatile organic compounds (vocs) from urine is a promising alternative. this pilot study evaluates the feasibility of discriminating bladder cancer patients’ urine from healthy controls with an electronic nose.
*檢查，膀胱腫瘤的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷，是不舒服，侵入性、昂貴的?？捎玫哪蛞簶?biāo)記系統(tǒng)都缺乏準(zhǔn)確性。測(cè)量尿液中的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物(voc)是一種很有前途的選擇。該試點(diǎn)研究評(píng)估了用電子鼻鑒別膀胱癌患者尿液和健康對(duì)照的可行性。
materials and methods: headspace measurements of urine samples of 30 patients with confirmed transitional cell carcinoma (tcc) and 30 healthy controls were performed with cyranose 320 calculating mahalanobis distance and linear discriminant analysis. histology reports following tur-bt were correlated with urine findings.
采用cyranose 320計(jì)算mahalanobis距離和線性判別分析，對(duì)30例確診的移行細(xì)胞癌(tcc)和30例健康對(duì)照的尿樣進(jìn)行頂空測(cè)量。tur-bt后的組織學(xué)報(bào)告與尿液檢查結(jié)果相關(guān)。
results: after storage at –20°c, cyranose correctly detected 28/30 already confirmed tcc samples and 26/30 healthy controls (p<0.01), sensitivity 93.3%, specificity 86.7%. storage at –80°c led to similar results: 28/30 tumor samples and 28/30 control samples were correctly allocated; sensitivity and specificity both 93.3%.
在-20°c儲(chǔ)存后，cyranose正確檢測(cè)到28/30已證實(shí)的tcc樣本和26/30健康對(duì)照(p <0.01)，敏感性為93.3%，特異性為86.7%。在-80℃下儲(chǔ)存導(dǎo)致類(lèi)似的結(jié)果：28/30腫瘤樣品和28/30對(duì)照樣品被正確分配; 敏感性和特異性均為93.3%。
conclusion:voc detection is a promising tool to detect bladder tumors. further research will test against possible confounders like bacteriuria.
voc檢測(cè)是檢測(cè)膀胱腫瘤的有效工具。進(jìn)一步的研究將測(cè)試可能的混雜因素，如菌尿。