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<h1>水工鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)圖紙?jiān)趺串嫞?/h1> 發(fā)布時(shí)間：2024-08-19 </div> <div id="7vlf1mmhd1k" class="new92"> <div class="7vlf1mmhd1k" id="contentt"></div> 2.1 水工混凝土表面蜂窩麻面及氣孔的成因。<br> 水工混凝土澆筑拆模后,結(jié)構(gòu)局部出現(xiàn)表面酥軟、缺漿凹坑、粗糙麻點(diǎn)、豆?fàn)钚】?、石子多而漏深大?mm、表面形成孔隙群類似蜂窩狀的窟窿、結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部有尺寸較大的空隙、鋼筋局部或大部裸露等。成因主要是:①混凝土配合比和粗細(xì)骨料級(jí)配不當(dāng),造成石子多,砂漿少;②混凝土攪拌時(shí)間短,拌和不均勻,混凝土和易性差;振搗不密實(shí)或過振出現(xiàn)漏漿;③運(yùn)距過長,裝卸料、運(yùn)料不當(dāng),混凝土石子、砂漿離析、嚴(yán)重跑漿;④混凝土施工過程振搗不密實(shí),不均勻振搗中產(chǎn)生氣泡未采取適當(dāng)措施及時(shí)排出;⑤模板安裝質(zhì)量不合格,模板表面粗糙或新舊混凝土接茬處漏漿,拆模不當(dāng)造成混凝土表面被粘壞;⑥架模時(shí)模板表面濕潤不夠,隔離劑涂刷不均或局部漏刷失效等;⑦鋼筋配置較密,粗骨料粒徑太大或混凝土坍落度過小,澆筑時(shí)掉入泥塊等雜質(zhì);③澆筑基礎(chǔ)、柱子、墻根部等結(jié)構(gòu)部位時(shí)間歇時(shí)間不夠,上層混凝土連續(xù)澆筑或預(yù)留的孔洞和埋件處混凝土下料擱空、振搗不到位等。<br> 2.2 水工混凝土裂縫的成因。<br> 混凝土表面或內(nèi)部由于混凝土硬化凝固時(shí)產(chǎn)生的大量水化熱作用,或不均勻收縮變形、沉降、干縮、溫度變化、結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力變化、結(jié)構(gòu)約束變化產(chǎn)生的微觀裂縫和宏觀裂縫現(xiàn)象。<br> 混凝土在澆筑過程中,在尚未受荷載作用時(shí),混凝土硬化產(chǎn)生不均勻的體積變形,形成黏著裂縫、水泥石裂縫、骨料裂縫等微細(xì)裂縫(寬度小于0.05mm)。當(dāng)受壓荷載在30%~70%極限強(qiáng)度時(shí),微觀裂縫逐漸開始擴(kuò)展并增加,形成宏觀裂縫;當(dāng)荷載在70%~90%極限強(qiáng)度時(shí),裂縫顯著擴(kuò)展并迅速增多,裂縫相互串聯(lián)直至混凝土完全破壞。<br> 2.3 水工混凝土滲漏的成因。<br> 混凝土的施工缺陷引起混凝土滲漏,長期作用會(huì)導(dǎo)致鋼筋銹蝕和混凝土凍融破壞;漏水較大時(shí)會(huì)引起工程建筑物沉陷垮蹋、輸水量損失等嚴(yán)重后果。一般混凝土滲漏有如下幾種情況:施工過程振搗不密實(shí);施工縫處理不當(dāng);產(chǎn)生裂縫;伸縮縫止水帶漏設(shè)或埋設(shè)不良;沿模板貫穿鋼拉桿滲漏等。<br> 2.4 水工混凝土凍融破壞的成因。<br> 混凝土微孔隙中的水,在正負(fù)溫度交替變化作用下,其中毛細(xì)孔內(nèi)的水結(jié)冰產(chǎn)生很大冰壓力,形成凍脹壓力和滲透壓力聯(lián)合作用,使得混凝土材料產(chǎn)生疲勞應(yīng)力,造成混凝土強(qiáng)度降低,內(nèi)部微裂逐漸增加、擴(kuò)展連通,產(chǎn)生由表及里的剝落破壞。影響混凝土抗凍融性的因素主要有以下幾種:①材料影響。用量不當(dāng)?shù)耐饧觿┖蛽胶狭鲜够炷翉?qiáng)度降低,抗凍融性減弱。對(duì)不同使用要求的混凝土,其外加劑和摻合料要通過科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)合理確定。②混凝土配合比的影響?；炷量箖鋈谛噪S水灰比的增大而降低;在相同水灰比條件下,混凝土抗凍融性隨骨灰比的增大而降低;影響混凝土抗凍融性的主要因素是水灰比。③施工工藝影響?；炷潦┕み^程中,拌和工藝、成型工藝、混凝土養(yǎng)護(hù)均對(duì)混凝土抗凍性有不同影響。<br> 2.5 水工混凝土建筑物地基變形的成因。<br> 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